Understanding Groundwater Quality Using Health-Related, Operational-Related, and Other Parameters of Human Health Concern in Western Sokoto Basin, Nigeria

This study evaluated the water quality of ten selected local government areas (LGAs) in Kebbi State, western Sokoto basin, using health-related, operational-related, and other parameters of human health concern. The study employed both in-situ and laboratory analysis. Physical parameters, i.e., pH, TDS, EC, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen, were determined in situ. Chemical parameters, including Ca, Mg, Na, P, and K, were determined using AAS. NO3, PO4, and Cl were analyzed using Automated Colorimetry. Results revealed that arsenic, iron, and turbidity in the studied LGAs are above WHO [1] and NSDWQ [2] recommended values. However, fluoride and nitrate concentrations in the studied LGAs are below the recommended values of the WHO [1] and NSDWQ [2]. The mean EC is less than 500 μS/cm, and the concentration of TDS in the studied LGAs is generally low (<500 mg/l). Based on pH, groundwater in the studied LGAs is slightly alkaline. Mean phosphate, chloride, and sodium concentrations in the studied LGAs are within the WHO [1] and NSDWQ [2] reference values for drinking water. Results showed that Fecal Coliform is available in the studied drinking water sources. Therefore, this study recommends programs against open defecation to curtail the spread of fecal coliform and other harmful bacteria in the environment. Furthermore, water quality monitoring is recommended for improved water quality and human health in the Western Sokoto basin, i.e., Kebbi State.

Keywords: Groundwater Quality, Operational-Related Parameters, Health-Related Parameters, Human Health.